Early Detection Matters: The Importance of Pancreatic Cancer Screening

 

Pancreatic cancer begins when certain cells in the pancreas start growing uncontrollably, forming a tumor. The pancreas, located deep in the abdomen between the stomach and spine, acts as a gland producing enzymes for digestion and hormones to regulate blood sugar levels.

These rapidly growing pancreatic cells can lead to either benign or malignant tumors. A benign tumor poses no threat to other body parts, while a malignant tumor can multiply quickly and potentially spread to different areas.

As outlined in the research article titled "An epidemiological review of pancreatic cancer with special reference to India," published in the Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, pancreatic cancer is the 24th most prevalent cancer in India, accounting for 10860 new cases (1.03%) and ranking 18th in mortality. The incidence is notably higher in the elderly population, particularly those aged 65–75 years, with the highest rates observed in Northeastern Indian regions. 

Risk factors contributing to pancreatic cancer include smoking, high alcohol consumption, and non-vegetarian diets, as well as non-modifiable factors like age, race, and genetic predispositions. Notably, there has been no reported case–control studies on risk factors specific to the Indian population.

What are the Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer?

The symptoms of pancreatic cancer can vary, but they often include:

1. Pancreatic cancer is often asymptomatic in its early stages, making detection challenging until the disease has significantly advanced.

2. Symptoms, when present, may include:

• Abdominal pain
• Loss of appetite.
• Loss of Weight
• Jaundice
• Light-colored or floating stools.
• Dark-colored urine
• Itching.
• Pain and swelling in an arm or leg
• Fatigue 

3. Advanced pancreatic cancer may also come with additional symptoms, including fluid accumulation in the abdomen. 

How is Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosed?

Detecting pancreatic cancer in its early stages is challenging as the pancreas is inaccessible during a routine examination. To diagnose pancreatic cancer, healthcare providers employ a combination of tests:

1. Imaging Tests

  These include CT (computed tomography) scans, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), PET (positron emission tomography), and Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).

2. Blood Tests

Pancreas blood tests can identify tumor markers, such as carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9. Elevated levels of CA 19-9, a protein released by pancreatic cancer cells, may suggest the presence of a tumor.

3. Staging Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy is sometimes used to assess the extent of pancreatic cancer and the feasibility of removal. Small incisions are made in the abdomen, and a tube with a camera is inserted, allowing visualization and detection of abnormalities. The biopsy may be conducted during this procedure.

4. Genetic Testing

After a pancreatic cancer diagnosis, genetic testing is recommended to explore any hereditary factors contributing to the development of pancreatic cancer. This helps doctors determine the most effective treatment approach.

What are the Treatments for Pancreatic Cancer?

Surgery

Surgery stands as the sole pragmatic avenue for curing pancreatic cancer. However, surgeons advocate for this option only when they believe complete cancer removal is feasible. In instances where such a comprehensive removal seems unlikely, the benefits of surgery become minimal. The success of surgical procedures hinges on the cancer being entirely localized within the pancreas. Achieving total cancer eradication may not always be achievable under these circumstances.

Chemotherapeutic Approaches

Chemotherapy employs potent drugs designed to eliminate cancer cells. These drugs are administered in pill form or through intravenous infusion in the arm. This form of treatment serves as a standalone measure, particularly for individuals grappling with advanced pancreatic cancer. Healthcare providers might also advocate for chemotherapy preceding surgery to shrink the tumor or post-surgery to eliminate any residual cancer cells.

Radiation Therapy 

Radiation therapy utilizes high-energy X-rays to obliterate cancer cells, a commonly employed strategy in pancreatic cancer treatment. Providers frequently amalgamate radiation therapy with chemotherapy, forming a synergistic approach known as chemoradiation. This combined therapy might be recommended before surgery, post-surgery, or as a central component of the overall cancer treatment plan. Additionally, radiation therapy can alleviate symptoms in cases where surgery is not a viable option, typically in advanced cancer scenarios.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy involves drugs meticulously designed to "target" specific proteins governing the growth and dissemination of cancer cells. Providers may integrate targeted therapy with complementary treatments like radiation therapy.

Treatment for pancreatic cancer depends on the stage of the cancer and the patient's overall health. The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is not good. The five-year survival rate for people with pancreatic cancer is only about 9%. However, the prognosis is better for people who are diagnosed with the disease at an early stage.

If you are concerned about pancreatic cancer, talk to your doctor. They can help you determine your risk factors for the disease and recommend screening tests if necessary.